HealthyMouth

Eurocommunism

2005-04-05T23:53:00.000-07:00

The term Eurocommunism was coined in the mid-1970s and received wide publicity after the publication

Milky Way Galaxy, Emission nebulas

2005-04-04T07:35:00.000-07:00

A conspicuous component of the Galaxy is the collection of large, bright, diffuse gaseous objects generally called nebulas. The brightest of these cloudlike objects are the emission nebulas, large complexes of interstellar gas and stars in which the gas exists in an ionized and excited state (with the electrons of the atoms excited to a higher than normal energy

Turgovishte

2005-04-03T01:40:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Targovište, formerly (until 1934) Eski Dzhumaya, town, eastern Bulgaria, on the Vrana River. Known formerly for its great cattle fair, which attracted visitors from throughout the Balkans, it continues as a craft centre, producing textiles, furniture, pottery, and processed foods. It has long been a centre for the Muslim faith in Bulgaria. Its former Turkish name was Eski Cumaya (Dzhumaya), but the modern town has subdued

Yazata

2005-04-02T05:58:00.000-08:00

In Zoroastrianism, member of an order of angels created by Ahura Mazda to help him maintain the flow of the world order and quell the forces of Ahriman and his demons. They gather the light of the Sun and pour it on the Earth. Their help is indispensable in aiding man to purify and elevate himself. They teach him to dispel demons and free himself of the future torments of

Kantianism, Psychological Neo-Kantianism

2005-04-01T05:01:00.000-08:00

An initial attempt to interpret Kantian transcendentalism in psychological terms was made by the Friesian Empiricist Jürgen Bona Meyer in his Kants Psychologie (1870). Later, a more important contribution in this field was made by the Göttingen philosopher of ethics and law Leonard Nelson and published in the Abhandlungen der Fries'schen Schule (1904 ff; “Acts of the Friesian

Integrator

2005-03-31T07:03:00.000-08:00

The earliest integrator was a mechanical instrument called the planimeter (q.v.). The illustration (top) shows a simple mechanical integrator of the disk-and-wheel variety,

Loralai

2005-03-30T00:48:00.000-08:00

Loralai district (area 7,364 sq mi [19,073 sq km]), constituted in 1903, consists of a series of long, narrow valleys hemmed in by rugged mountains

ar Mountains

2005-03-28T16:32:00.000-08:00

Serbo-Croatian Šar Planina mountain range in western Macedonia, one of the most rugged and impassable in the Balkans, extending northeast–southwest for about 47 miles (75 km). A southern continuation along the Albanian frontier, which includes the Korab, Bistra, Jablanica, and Galicica massifs, makes the total length of about 100 miles (160 km). The Pindus mountain system in Greece is the southward extension

Medicine, Naval and air force medicine

2005-03-27T23:48:00.000-08:00

Naval medical services are run on lines similar to those of the army. Junior medical officers are attached to ships or to shore stations and deal with most cases of sickness in their units. When at sea, medical officers have an exceptional degree of responsibility in that they work alone, unless they are on a very large ship. In peacetime, only the larger ships carry a

Kamacite

2005-03-26T03:14:00.000-08:00

Meteoritic mineral consisting of iron alloyed with 5 to 7 percent nickel. It is found in iron meteorites and comprises all the metal in hexahedrites; it also is a principal constituent of the octahedrites, where it is intergrown with taenite (meteoritic nickel–iron). Its name is derived from the Greek word for shaft or lath and alludes to the shape of its crystals, which

Lowden, Frank Orren

2005-03-25T05:19:00.000-08:00

Lowden attended law school in Chicago and within a few years of graduating had become a prominent and prosperous corporate attorney. Throughout his legal and political career, he remained

Furnivall, Frederick James

2005-03-24T03:47:00.000-08:00

English literary scholar who, partly by his own efforts in textual criticism and partly by founding learned societies, especially the Early English Text Society, was instrumental in initiating a major revival in the study of medieval English literature. Though he first studied law and was called to the bar in 1849, he came to divide his

Refrigeration

2005-03-23T23:59:00.000-08:00

In the industrialized nations and affluent regions in the developing world, refrigeration is chiefly used to store foodstuffs at low temperatures, thus inhibiting the destructive action of bacteria, yeast, and mold. Many perishable products can

Kabbala

2005-03-23T23:43:00.000-08:00

By the mid-16th century the unchallenged centre of Kabbala was Safed, Galilee, where one of the greatest of all Kabbalists, Isaac ben Solomon Luria, spent the last years of his life. According to Gershom Gerhard Scholem, a modern Jewish scholar of Kabbala, Luria's influence was surpassed only by that of the Sefer ha-zohar. Lurianic Kabbala developed several basic doctrines:

N-town Plays

2005-03-21T09:38:00.000-08:00

An English cycle of 42 scriptural (or “mystery”) plays dating from the second half of the 15th century and so called because an opening proclamation refers to performance “in N. town.” Since evidence suggests that the cycle was not peculiar to one city or community but traveled from town to town, the abbreviation “N.” would indicate that the appropriate name of the town at which

Norfolk

2005-03-21T07:51:00.000-08:00

Administrative and historic county of eastern England, bounded by Suffolk (south), Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire (west), and the North Sea (north and east). The administrative county comprises seven districts: Breckland, Broadland, North Norfolk, and South Norfolk; the boroughs of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn and West Norfolk; and the city of Norwich. The historic

Niuafo'ou

2005-03-20T22:18:00.000-08:00

Northernmost island of Tonga, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The generally wooded land area of 19 square miles (49 square km) includes a volcanic peak 853 feet (260 m) high, a crater lake, and numerous hot springs. During a particularly violent eruption in 1946, the island's inhabitants were evacuated to 'Eua, several hundred miles to the south. They began returning to Niuafo'ou in 1958. Because

Durand, Guillaume

2005-03-20T11:34:00.000-08:00

After receiving a doctorate in canon law at Bologna, Italy, Durand taught briefly there and later at Modena, Italy. Some time after 1260 he was appointed auditor (a judge commissioned to hear cases of appeal brought to the Holy See). At the second Council of Lyon (1274), he helped draft the statutes

Insurance, Perils insured

2005-03-20T02:36:00.000-08:00

In homeowner's policies, of which there are several types, coverage can be “all risk” or “named peril.” All-risk policies offer insurance on any peril except those later excluded in the policy. The advantage of these contracts is that if property is destroyed by a peril not specifically excluded the insurance is good. In named-peril policies, no coverage is provided unless

Beverley

2005-03-18T16:27:00.000-08:00

Town, unitary authority of East Riding of Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England, just north of Kingston upon Hull. The town of Beverley grew in close association with a monastery established in the 7th century. Destroyed by the Danes in 806, the monastery was refounded by the Anglo-Saxon king Athelstan (reigned 925–939). The great Beverley Minster that dominates the town

Sporades

2005-03-18T08:34:00.000-08:00

Group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, lying northeast of Euboea (Évvoia) island, including Skíathos, Skópelos, Skyros, and Alónnisos, as well as neighbouring islets. In antiquity these were known as the Thessalian, or Northern, Sporades, while the Thracian, or Eastern, Sporades included the now-Turkish island of Imroz (Greek Imvros), Samothrace, Thasos, Lemnos, and Áyios

Vihara

2005-03-17T00:35:00.000-08:00

Early type of Buddhist monastery consisting of an open court surrounded by open cells accessible through an entrance porch. The viharas in India were originally constructed to shelter the monks during the rainy season, when it became difficult for them to lead the wanderer's life. They took on a sacred character when small stupas (housing sacred relics) and images

Variable Star

2005-03-16T20:21:00.000-08:00

In an eclipsing variable, one member of a double, or binary, star system partially

Priesthood, Ancient Judaism

2005-03-16T15:32:00.000-08:00

When Christianity became the legal religion of the Roman Empire after AD 313, it had already inherited from its Jewish background a concept of an organized priesthood. The Jewish priesthood had been centralized in the Temple at Jerusalem (destroyed by the Romans in AD 70) since the 10th century BC. The Hebrew designations for those who exercised oracular, divinatory, and ecstatic

Gloucester

2005-03-15T11:37:00.000-08:00

City, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the southern shore of Cape Ann, facing Massachusetts Bay, about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Boston. Gloucester Harbor was first visited and mapped by Samuel de Champlain in 1605–06, and the site (at Stage Fort Park) was settled by colonists from Dorchester, England, in 1623. Named for Gloucester, England, and incorporated as a town

Atatürk, Kemal

2005-03-14T23:47:00.000-08:00

Mustafa Kemal's career almost ended soon after his graduation when it was discovered that he and several friends were meeting to read about and discuss political abuses within the empire. A government spy infiltrated their group and informed on them. A cloud of suspicion hung over their heads that was not to be lifted for years. The group was broken up and its members

France, History Of, The social order of the ancien régime

2005-03-14T06:48:00.000-08:00

In the society of the ancien

Philip Iii

2005-03-13T06:47:00.000-08:00

Philip, the second son of Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), became heir to the throne on the death of his elder brother Louis (1260). Accompanying his father's crusade against

Conscription

2005-03-12T20:25:00.000-08:00

Modified forms of conscription

Gander

2005-03-12T18:42:00.000-08:00

Town, northeastern Newfoundland, Canada. It lies just north of Gander Lake, 206 miles (332 km) northwest of St. John's. Gander has one of the largest international airports in North America. The site was selected as an air base in 1935 by the British Air Ministry, and transatlantic flights began in 1939. During World War II it was a vital base for air ferries to Britain and Atlantic patrol aircraft.

Los Angeles Times

2005-03-11T22:43:00.000-08:00

It was established in 1881, and in 1884 Harrison Gray Otis purchased and incorporated the Times under a public corporation, The Times-Mirror Company (the hyphen was later dropped from the name). The paper prospered, soon becoming an important

Orangery

2005-03-10T10:25:00.000-08:00

The great period of the orangery,

Waiuku

2005-03-10T09:01:00.000-08:00

Town, Auckland local government region, northern North Island, New Zealand. It lies along the Waiuku estuary, which is the southern arm of Manukau Harbour. The settlement was founded in 1843 as a port on the route between Auckland and the agricultural area of the Waikato River to the south. Its function as a trading centre ceased with the Waikato War of 1863–64, when it was made a stockade.

Computers, The first computer network

2005-03-08T07:41:00.000-08:00

Between 1940 and 1946 George Stibitz and his team at Bell Laboratories built a series of machines with telephone technologies, i.e., employing electromechanical relays. These were the first machines to serve more than one user and the first to work remotely over telephone lines. However, because they were based on slow mechanical relays rather than electronic switches, they

Arminius

2005-03-08T01:27:00.000-08:00

Arminius was a chief

Daigo, Go-

2005-03-07T05:33:00.000-08:00

In full Go-daigo Tenno, personal name Takaharu emperor of Japan (1318–39), whose efforts to overthrow the shogunate and restore the monarchy led to civil war and divided the imperial family into two rival factions.

Theobald I

2005-03-05T14:11:00.000-08:00

Theobald earned his nickname “the Cheat” fighting with his neighbours, among them the kings of France, the dukes of Normandy, and the church of Reims. He seized the area around Blois about 940 and later augmented his holdings with the counties of Chartres and Châteaudun. In 945 Hugh the Great made Theobald responsible for holding the French

Cimabue

2005-03-05T14:02:00.000-08:00

Original name Bencivieni Di Pepo, modern Italian Benvenuto Di Giuseppe painter and mosaicist, the last great Italian artist in the Byzantine style, which had dominated early medieval painting in Italy. Among his surviving works are the frescoes of New Testament scenes in the upper church of S. Francesco, Assisi; the “Sta. Trinita Madonna” (c. 1290; Uffizi, Florence); and the “Madonna Enthroned with St. Francis” (c. 1290–95; lower church

Kuan Ti

2005-03-05T11:42:00.000-08:00

Kuan Ti's immense popularity with the common people rests on the firm belief that his control over evil spirits is so great that even actors who play his part in dramas share his power over demons. Kuan Ti is not only a natural favourite of soldiers but has been chosen patron of numerous trades and professions. Peddlers of bean curd, for example, take

Raymond, Henry Jarvis

2005-03-04T01:19:00.000-08:00

Raymond worked for Horace Greeley on the weekly New Yorker in 1840 and then from 1841 to 1848 on the daily New York Tribune. As

Closet Drama

2005-03-03T18:07:00.000-08:00

A drama suited primarily for reading rather than production. Examples of the genre include John Milton's Samson Agonistes (1671) and Thomas Hardy's The Dynasts (three parts, 1903–08). Closet drama is not to be confused with readers' theatre, in which actors read or recite without decor before an audience.

Zamora

2005-03-03T13:55:00.000-08:00

Province, in the autonomous community (region) of Castile-León, northwestern Spain. It was formed in 1833 from part of the historic province of León and is bounded by Portugal and Orense (west), by León (north), by Valladolid (east), and by Salamanca (south). It has an area of 4,077 square miles (10,559 square km) and is traversed from east to west by the Duero (Portuguese Douro) River; the Tormes River

Chassériau, Théodore

2005-03-02T16:33:00.000-08:00

As a boy, Chassériau entered the studio of Ingres, following his master to Rome in 1834. Chassériau's immediate success at the Paris Salon of 1836 was confirmed three

John George I

2005-03-02T04:46:00.000-08:00

An easygoing, indolent drunkard whose chief wish was “to drink his beer in peace,” he was a faithful adherent of the house of Habsburg. As a result of his inability

Thompson, Sir John (sparrow David)

2005-03-01T00:51:00.000-08:00

Thompson was called to the bar in Nova Scotia in 1865 and appointed queen's counsellor in 1879. He entered politics in 1877 as Liberal-Conservative member for Antigonish in the provincial legislature, becoming attorney general in 1878; he became

Agrippa Von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius

2005-02-28T22:26:00.000-08:00

Court secretary to Charles V, physician to Louise of Savoy, exasperating theologian within the Catholic Church, military entrepreneur in Spain and Italy, acknowledged expert on occultism, and philosopher. His tempestuous career also included teaching at Dôle and Pavia universities, appointment as orator and public advocate at Metz

Vietnam War

2005-02-28T15:02:00.000-08:00

(1954–75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Called the “American War” in Vietnam (or, in full, the “War Against the Americans to Save the Nation”), the war was also part of a larger regional conflict (see Indochina

Thompson, Sir John (sparrow David)

2005-02-27T11:34:00.000-08:00

Specifically, any of six species of toothed whales distinguishable from dolphins by their more compact build, generally smaller size (maximum length about 2 metres, or 6.6 feet), and curved, blunt snouts with spatulate rather than conical teeth. In North America the name is sometimes applied to dolphins. The porpoise family consists of three genera:

Argentina, National consolidation, 185280

2005-02-26T10:22:00.000-08:00

General Urquiza called a constitutional convention that met in Santa Fe in 1852. Buenos Aires refused to participate, but the convention adopted a constitution for the whole country that went into effect on May 25, 1853. Buenos Aires recoiled from the new confederation, the first elected president of which was Urquiza and the first capital of which was Paraná. The porteño dissidence

Alaskan Brown Bear

2005-02-25T21:10:00.000-08:00

Race or subspecies of grizzly bear (q.v.).

Ayer, Sir A.j.

2005-02-25T19:35:00.000-08:00

Ayer graduated from Eton College and from Christ Church, Oxford (B.A., 1932; M.A., 1936). He was exposed to logical positivism in 1932 during a stay in Vienna. He began teaching at the University of Oxford in 1932 and served in

Alimentary Paste

2005-02-24T14:25:00.000-08:00

A shaped and dried dough prepared from semolina, farina, wheat flour, or a mixture of these with water or milk and with or without egg or egg yolk. See pasta.

Salesbury, William

2005-02-24T13:22:00.000-08:00

Salesbury spent most of his life at Llanrwst following antiquarian, botanical, and literary pursuits. About 1546 he edited a collection

Olympic Games, Lake Placid, New York, U.S., 1932

2005-02-23T18:14:00.000-08:00

Controversies surrounding the speed skating

Kirikane

2005-02-22T00:11:00.000-08:00

In Japanese art, decorative technique used for Buddhist paintings and wooden statues and for lacquerwork. The technique used for paintings and statues employs gold or silver foil cut into thin strips or minute triangular or square pieces, which are laid on designs painted in with glue. The designs consist of straight or curved lines, a wavy vertical stripe pattern

Buckinghamshire

2005-02-21T13:53:00.000-08:00

Administrative, geographic, and historic county of southern England. It stretches from the River Thames in the south and the outskirts of London in the southeast across the ridge of chalk upland known as the Chiltern Hills, thence across the fertile Vale of Aylesbury and a low sandy ridge to the valley of the River Great Ouse in the north. Within this region, the administrative,

Imagist

2005-02-21T04:53:00.000-08:00

The Imagists wrote succinct verse of dry clarity

Pole, Reginald

2005-02-20T13:04:00.000-08:00

His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of Salisbury, was a niece of Edward

D-day

2005-02-20T04:41:00.000-08:00

(in World War II), first day of the Allied landing in Normandy, France. See Normandy Invasion.

Cabedelo

2005-02-19T00:47:00.000-08:00

City, eastern Paraíba estado (“state”), northeastern Brazil. Built on the site of the 17th-century fortress of Santa Rita, Cabedelo lies on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Paraíba River and serves as the port for João Pessoa, the state capital, approximately 12 miles (20 km) by rail and highway to the southeast. Cotton, agave fibres, sugar, and various minerals are handled at the

Adamov, Arthur

2005-02-18T16:47:00.000-08:00

In 1912 Adamov's wealthy Armenian family left Russia and settled in Freudenstadt, Ger. He was subsequently educated in Geneva, Mainz, and Paris, where, having mastered French, he settled in 1924, associating with Surrealist groups. He edited a periodical, Discontinuit

Kufah

2005-02-18T04:44:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kufa, medieval city of Iraq that was a centre of Arab culture and learning from the 8th to the 10th century. It was founded in 638 as a garrison town by 'Umar I, the second caliph. The city lay on the Hindiyah branch of the Euphrates River, about 7 miles (11 km) northeast of an-Najaf. It was populated largely by South Arabians and Iranians and served as the seat of the governor of Iraq, sometimes

Hengelo

2005-02-16T10:18:00.000-08:00

Hengelo is a rail junction and has a state agricultural school and cattle

La Révellière-lépeaux, Louis-marie De

2005-02-16T09:54:00.000-08:00

In 1789 La Révellière-Lépeaux was elected as a representative of the Third Estate (the unprivileged order) to the States General, which converted itself into the revolutionary National Assembly. In 1792 he became a member of the Convention, the new national assembly that governed

North Africa, History Of, Carthaginian supremacy

2005-02-15T11:39:00.000-08:00

By the 5th century BC, active military participation by Tyre in the west had doubtlessly ceased; from the latter half of the 6th century Tyre was under Persian rule. Carthage thus became the leader of the western Phoenicians and in the 5th century formed an empire of its own, centred on North Africa, which included existing Phoenician settlements, new ones founded by Carthage

Astrogeology

2005-02-14T01:58:00.000-08:00

Scientific discipline concerned with the geological aspects of all solid bodies in the solar system, including the major planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Astrogeological research extends to those terrestrial features produced by the latter—namely, meteorite craters and tektites (small glassy objects resulting from meteorite

Amundsen Gulf

2005-02-13T18:55:00.000-08:00

The

Zirid Dynasty,

2005-02-13T13:30:00.000-08:00

Also called Banu Ziri Muslim dynasty of Sanhajah Berbers whose various branches ruled in Ifriqiyah (Tunisia and eastern Algeria) and Granada (972–1152). Rising to prominence in the mountains of Kabylie, Algeria, where they established their first capital, Ashir, the Zirids became allies of the Fatimids of al-Qayrawan. Their loyal support prompted the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz, when moving to his new capital of

Zirid Dynasty,

2005-02-12T09:53:00.000-08:00

Any of three species of large, slow aquatic mammals found along tropical and subtropical Atlantic coasts and associated inland waters. Dull gray, blackish, or brown in colour, all three manatee species have stout, tapered bodies ending in a flat, rounded tail used for forward propulsion. The forelimbs are modified into flippers; there are no hind

Thailand

2005-02-11T19:35:00.000-08:00

Officially Kingdom of Thailand, formerly (1856–1939) Siam, Thai Prathet, or Prades, Thai (“Thailand”), Rajanajak Thai (“Thai Kingdom”), or Sayam (“Siam”), byname Muang Thai (“Land of the Free”), country located in the centre of mainland Southeast Asia. Its area of 198,115 square miles (513,115 square kilometres) consists of two broad geographic areas: a larger section in the north and a smaller peninsular section in the south. The main body of the country is surrounded by Myanmar (Burma) to the west, Laos to the north and east, Cambodia to the southeast, and the Gulf of Thailand

Acuff, Roy

2005-02-11T02:43:00.000-08:00

Turning his attention to music after an aborted baseball career, Acuff gained

China, Religious and intellectual life

2005-02-09T10:54:00.000-08:00

The Mongols did not try to impose their own religion (a cult of Heaven, the forces of nature, and shamanistic practices) on their subjects. This gave comparative freedom to the existing religions in China. These included what the Mongol rulers considered to be the san chiao (“three teachings”): Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Both Taoism and Buddhism retained their

Razor Clam

2005-02-09T10:18:00.000-08:00

Any of the species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Solenidae. In England the species of the genera Ensis and Solen are called razor shells. The Solenidae are common in intertidal sands and muds, particularly of temperate seas. These bivalves have narrow and elongated razorlike shells up to about 20 cm (8 inches) long. They have a large active foot that enables them

Porgy

2005-02-09T01:14:00.000-08:00

Porgies are generally shallow-water fishes and are

Egypt, Political life

2005-02-08T13:54:00.000-08:00

The political history of the Mamluk state is complex; during their 264-year reign, no fewer than 45 Mamluks gained the sultanate, and once, in desperate circumstances, a caliph (in 1412) was briefly installed as sultan. At times individual Mamluks succeeded in establishing dynasties, most notably Sultan Qala'un (ruled 1279–90), whose progeny ruled Egypt, with two short interruptions, until 1382. Often

Scandinavian Literature, The classical period in Iceland

2005-02-07T15:09:00.000-08:00

The best known Icelandic literature belongs to the classical period, roughly equivalent to the early and medieval periods in western European literature. Icelandic manuscripts yield much knowledge of European myth and legend, which is in part common to all Germanic peoples. Stories of the Norse gods and myths—of Odin, god of war; Balder the Beautiful; Thor, god of

Honey Ant

2005-02-07T05:47:00.000-08:00

Any member of several different species of ant (family Formicidae; order Hymenoptera) that have developed a unique way of storing the honeydew, a by-product of digestion that is gathered mainly from the secretions of aphids and scale insects. A worker ant, fed by the others, is called a replete. The honeydew is stored in the replete's abdomen, which can become distended

Quadrangle

2005-02-06T18:01:00.000-08:00

Byname Quad, in architecture, rectangular open space completely or partially enclosed by buildings of an academic or civic character. The grounds of a quadrangle are often grassy or landscaped. Such a quadrangular area, intended as an environment for contemplation, study, or relaxation, was a feature of monastic establishments and thus of the colleges that evolved from them.

Florida

2005-02-06T00:43:00.000-08:00

The geographic location of Florida has been the key factor in a long and colourful development, and it helps explain the striking contemporary character of the state. The

Ursa Minor

2005-02-05T11:44:00.000-08:00

Also called The Little Bear, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, seven of whose stars outline the Little Dipper. Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris), at the end of the Little Dipper's handle, marks (roughly) the position of the north celestial pole. The constellation lies at about 15 hours right ascension and 80° north declination.

Bulgarus

2005-02-04T15:15:00.000-08:00

Although popular tradition claims that all four doctors—Bulgarus, Martinus Gosia, Hugo da Porta Ravennate, and Jacobus

Military Aircraft, Airborne early warning

2005-02-03T10:34:00.000-08:00

Carrier-based early-warning aircraft had a large radar to detect aircraft or ships; some could also control interceptor fighters defending the fleet. This kind of airborne warning and control system (AWACS) airplane appeared in land-based air forces to detect low-flying enemy raiders and direct interceptors toward them. The first aircraft of this type was a Soviet

Arenosol

2005-02-02T15:40:00.000-08:00

One of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Arenosols are sandy-textured soils that lack any significant soil profile development. They exhibit only a partially formed surface horizon (uppermost layer) that is low in humus, and they are bereft of subsurface clay accumulation. Given their excessive permeability

France, History Of, Culture and learning

2005-02-01T22:01:00.000-08:00

Literacy and elementary learning became more widespread. The courtly tastes of the 12th century, while not obliterated, were overtaken by a more flexible and ironic sensibility evident in vernacular ballads, fables, satires, and moralizing literature, most popular in the northern towns. The burgher or knight began to take a keen interest in the tangible world about

Arabia, Yemen

2005-02-01T15:55:00.000-08:00

Arabia's highest mountains occur in Yemen: An-Nabi Shu'ayb, northwest of San'a', reaches 12,008 feet. The Tihamah in Yemen, broader and more habitable than the Tihamah farther north in Saudi Arabia, supports some towns. Monsoon rains make the mountains and high plateaus of Yemen the most fruitful region in Arabia. The easy slope from the highlands to the southwestern corner of the

Tabataba'i, Sayyid Zia Od-din

2005-01-31T06:45:00.000-08:00

Tabataba'i became prominent during World War I as the editor of a pro-British newspaper, Ra'd (“Thunder”). In 1919 he led a quasi-diplomatic mission to negotiate a commercial agreement with the anti-Communist Russian revolutionaries at Baku. On his return to Iran he joined a secret nationalist

Duun, Olav

2005-01-30T02:21:00.000-08:00

Duun, a former cattle herder and fisherman, entered a teacher's college at age 26. He worked as a teacher in Holmestrand on the Oslo Fjord until 1927, when he retired to devote himself to writing. His many novels analyze the psychological and

Zedillo, Ernesto

2005-01-29T16:38:00.000-08:00

Reared in a working-class family in Mexicali, Mexico, just south of the California border, Zedillo returned to his native Mexico City in 1965 to study at the National Polytechnic Institute. In 1971 he joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the dominant political party in Mexico since 1929. Zedillo also studied

Alcaraz Carpet

2005-01-29T11:32:00.000-08:00

There are several different patterns of carpet with “wheels” in rectangular compartments. Other carpets imitate a wide range of brocade

Race, The influence of Franz Boas

2005-01-28T07:02:00.000-08:00

Typological thinking about race, however, was soon contradicted by the works of some early 20th-century anthropologists. Franz Boas, for example, published studies that showed that morphological characteristics varied from generation to generation in the same population, that skeletal material such as the cranium was malleable and subject to external influences,

Andersen, Hans Christian

2005-01-27T08:01:00.000-08:00

Unique master of the fairy tale whose stories are famous throughout the world; he is also the author of plays, novels, poems, travel books, and several autobiographies. While many of these works are almost unknown outside Denmark, his fairy tales are among the most frequently translated works in all literary

Amphioxus

2005-01-26T03:35:00.000-08:00

Amphioxi are seldom more than 8 cm (3 inches) long, and in appearance they resemble small, slender fishes without eyes or definite heads. They

China, The Late T'ang (755907)

2005-01-26T03:22:00.000-08:00

The rebellion of An Lu-shan in 755 marked the beginning of a new period. At first the rebellion had spectacular success. It swept through the northeastern province of Hopeh, captured the eastern capital, Lo-yang, early in 756, and took the main T'ang capital, Ch'ang-an, in July of the same year. The Emperor fled to Szechwan, and on the road his consort Yang Kuei-fei and other members of

Black Code

2005-01-24T19:02:00.000-08:00

The black

Encephalartos

2005-01-24T15:47:00.000-08:00

A genus of 20 or more species of palmlike cycads (plants of the family Cycadaceae), native to southern Africa and grown elsewhere as conservatory and house plants. The genus includes both tuberous and columnar varieties; they sometimes have spiny foliage. A breadlike food is prepared from the starchy centre of the stem of the Kaffir bread, or bread

M

2005-01-24T08:38:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of Messier catalog (q.v.), an astronomical listing.

Gumma

2005-01-23T18:32:00.000-08:00

Sericulture and wheat cultivation are major economic activities.

Levite

2005-01-22T23:17:00.000-08:00

Member of a group of clans of religious functionaries in ancient Israel who apparently were given a special religious status, conjecturally for slaughtering idolaters of the golden calf during the time of Moses (Ex. 32:25–29). They thus replaced the firstborn sons of Israel who were “dedicated to the service of the Lord” for having been preserved from death at the time of the

Quietism

2005-01-22T09:27:00.000-08:00

A doctrine of Christian spirituality that, in general, holds that perfection consists in passivity (quiet) of the soul, in the suppression of human effort so that divine action may have full play. Quietistic elements have been discerned in several religious movements, both Christian and non-Christian, through the centuries; but the term is usually identified with

Annalist

2005-01-21T16:01:00.000-08:00

Any of the Roman historians prior to Livy (1st century BC–1st century AD) who drew up the conventional history of Rome from the foundation of the city. For their sources early Roman historians relied for the most part on the annual tabulae pontificum, or annales, which after 300 BC contained regular records of magistrates' names and public events of religious significance. The early

HealthyMouth

Eurocommunism

Milky Way Galaxy, Emission nebulas

Turgovishte

Yazata

Kantianism, Psychological Neo-Kantianism

Integrator

Loralai

ar Mountains

Medicine, Naval and air force medicine

Kamacite

Lowden, Frank Orren

Furnivall, Frederick James

Refrigeration

Kabbala

N-town Plays

Norfolk

Niuafo'ou

Durand, Guillaume

Insurance, Perils insured

Beverley

Sporades

Vihara

Variable Star

Priesthood, Ancient Judaism

Gloucester

Atatürk, Kemal

France, History Of, The social order of the ancien régime

Philip Iii

Conscription

Gander

Los Angeles Times

Orangery

Waiuku

Computers, The first computer network

Arminius

Daigo, Go-

Theobald I

Cimabue

Kuan Ti

Raymond, Henry Jarvis

Closet Drama

Zamora

Chassériau, Théodore

John George I

Thompson, Sir John (sparrow David)

Agrippa Von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius

Vietnam War

Thompson, Sir John (sparrow David)

Argentina, National consolidation, 185280

Alaskan Brown Bear

Ayer, Sir A.j.

Alimentary Paste

Salesbury, William

Olympic Games, Lake Placid, New York, U.S., 1932

Kirikane

Buckinghamshire

Imagist

Pole, Reginald

D-day

Cabedelo

Adamov, Arthur

Kufah

Hengelo

La Révellière-lépeaux, Louis-marie De

North Africa, History Of, Carthaginian supremacy

Astrogeology

Amundsen Gulf

Zirid Dynasty,

Zirid Dynasty,

Thailand

Acuff, Roy

China, Religious and intellectual life

Razor Clam

Porgy

Egypt, Political life

Scandinavian Literature, The classical period in Iceland

Honey Ant

Quadrangle

Florida

ar Mountains

Argentina, National consolidation, 185280

China, The Late T'ang (755907)